Andrology

1: Male Infertility and Sexual Dysfunction

Medication and surgical procedures are available for men suffering from infertility. Hormonal treatment can be attempted when male seminal fluid has an abnormally low sperm count. In addition, surgical procedures such as PESA and TESA are available for males that do not respond to hormonal treatment and that continually show low sperm counts. Surgery can also be used to alleviate problems caused by varicoceles.

Medication and surgery is also available for men who have shown problems with ejaculation and erections. Microsurgical techniques (vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy) can be used to correct blockage in the vas deferens and ductal system used during sperm transport. Transurethral resection can be used for patients that are suspected to have obstructions within the ejaculatory ducts. Finally, medication is available to help those having problems experiencing erections.


	Vasoepididymostomy		Vasovasostomy

2: Management of STD's and Endocrine Disorders

Men's sperm is a possible mode of transfer for STDs during Assisted Reproductive Techniques. In addition, STDs often cause general discomfort, pain, and irritation. The infections can have long term consequences on the male reproductive system. Thus, a male suffering from any STD is recommended to alert his physician and receive the proper care for his condition.

Men suffering from endocrine disorders, such as problems with hormonal regulation, should seek medical attention. Endocrine disorders decrease the chances of a couple attaining pregnancy, and can sometimes be relieved through hormonal therapy.

3: Pre-Marital Screening

Pre-marital screening is beneficial for any couple desiring to begin a life together and possibly have children. For the male, semen analysis is examined together with Hepatitis markers and HIV. As for the female, a pelvic ultrasound is performed in addition to Hepatitis markers and HIV. Blood tests can be used to reveal if either partner is a carrier of a STD. STDs are extremely detrimental to a couple, since one member can transmit it to their partner during sexual intercourse. They also tend to have negative affects on an individual's reproductive system, and can decrease the chances of future pregnancy. PCR is another test that can be used to shed light on an individuals chromosomes. PCR will reveal chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomies, translocations, and inversions. Chromosomal abnormalities can sometimes be genetically inherited in a person's offspring, thus it is necessary that each individual in a couple is fully aware if they are a carrier of a certain disease.